Unit B: Plants for Food and Fibre
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Class Notes:
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Assigned Practice:
Topic 1 - Page 103 #'s 1-8 Topic 2 - Page 114 #'s 1-8 Topic 3 - Page 130 #'s 1-3 Topics 1-3 Review - Page 131 #'s 1-4, 6, 8, 9 Topic 4 - Page 148 #'s 1-5 Topic 5 - Page 162 #'s 1-6 Topic 6 - Page 174 #'s 1-5 | ||||||||
Page 175 #’s 1, 2, 4, 6-8, 11-13
1.
SHELTER BELT – trees planted to reduce wind erosion
RESISTANT – what a pest is when it becomes able to withstand chemicals and pesticides
HYDROPONICS – plants grown without soil
HUMUS – dark, organic, nutrient-holding matter in soil
MONOCULTURE – when only one type of plant is grown in an area
PARENT MATERIAL – non-organic material from which soil develops
2.
(a) Diversity represents a variety of species living within a particular environment; monoculture refers to only one species living in an area.
(b) When a farmer irrigates he/she applies water to a crop via artificial means. If care isn’t taken irrigation can lead to the salinization of the soil, a process in which the build up of salts from the irrigation water renders the soil infertile.
(c) Erosion involves the removal of the topsoil, usually by wind and water; improper farming processes can accelerate this process.
4. Sustainability relates to the ability to grow crops on the same piece of land over and over again. For this to occur, proper management practices must be followed, which allow soil nutrient and organic material levels to be maintained.
6. Economically important crops grown in Alberta include wheat, canola, barley, oats, sugar beets, corn, flax, rye, and alfalfa.
7. Possible answers include:
- use of zero-tillage technologies
- the introduction of genetically modified varieties of seed
- use of new types fertilizers and pesticides
- equipment is mechanized to a greater extent and is generally more efficient
- improvement of irrigation systems
- fewer people are required to work the farm
- farming continues to change as new seeds are developed, machinery is improved, new chemicals are developed.
8. Summer fallow leaves areas of soil without crops. The land is tilled periodically to remove weeds. Summer fallow can lead to wind and water erosion.
11. Earthworms eat dirt. While carrying out this process they help break down organic material in the soil, passing the nutrients within the material back into the soil for use by plants. The worms also aerate the soil and improve drainage.
12. 12 = percentage of nitrogen; 14 = percentage of phosphorus; 18 = percentage of potassium
13. Dandelions have a long deep taproot; they give off chemicals that impede the growth of other plants; they easily reproduce asexually from parts of their roots; and they have an efficient way of dispersing their seeds.
Page 182 #’s 27-29, 31, 35, 36, 38, 40
27. You must make sure that the biological control won’t harm other beneficial organisms and won’t have detrimental effects on the ecosystem. Precautions must be taken to prevent the control organisms from spreading. The effectiveness of the control organism against the pest would have to be monitored.
28. One possible example would be growing a tomato.
(a) If you were growing a tomato in a field you would have to make sure that you protected the developing plants from pest insects and competition from weeds. The farmer could only grow tomatoes if the area where the field was located received sufficient rainfall, or if irrigation was available. The tomatoes would need to be planted and harvested at times that would avoid the possibility of frost.
(b) When growing tomatoes in a greenhouse you would not need to worry about pests and weeds quite as much as in the field. Insect pests could be controlled using biological control or minimal chemical pesticides. Growers would need to supply the tomatoes with the right amount of water and nutrients and they would need to ensure that there was a sufficient amount of light and a growing medium to plant tomatoes in.
(c) To grow tomatoes in a classroom you would either need to place the plants near a window or under a grow lamp. You would need to supply the plants with sufficient amounts of water and fertilizer.
29.
(a) The lodgepole pine seedlings are better able to thrive after a fire has destroyed the other plants on a forest floor.
(b) It is very hard for the entire root of the dandelion to be pulled out of the soil. Pieces of the root left in the ground can produce new dandelion plants.
(c) The horizontal runners of a strawberry plant allow the plant to spread over a large area very quickly.
(d) The cactus spines lose very little water thus allowing the cactus to survive long periods without water.
(e) The lupine seeds can wait until growing conditions are exactly right before germinating. The plants reproductive efforts will not be wasted on a season with poor conditions.
(f) The seeds can be easily dispersed by the wind over large areas.
31. Seeds could have been carried to the island by the wind, by birds or sea mammals, by waves, or by people visiting the island.
35. It is important to be able to continue to grow crops year after year. If sustainable farming or forestry practices are not followed the land may eventually get to a point where it can no longer support plant growth.
36. Farmers and foresters need to consider the soil type, weather patterns in the area (temperature, precipitation, wind, number of frost free days), types of pests present, and the topography of the land.
38.
(a) You could examine the soil under a magnifying glass in order to determine the organic material in the soil samples. You could conduct a water test to see how much water the soil holds.
(b) The organic material can add nutrients to the soil and can help to hold onto soil moisture.
(c) Crops could be planted in the soil and then have their stubble ploughed under after harvest. Manure and earthworms could be added to the soil.
40. Chemical control might be the most effective method of controlling the pests available. Chemical control could also be the quickest, easiest, and least expensive pest control option.
1.
SHELTER BELT – trees planted to reduce wind erosion
RESISTANT – what a pest is when it becomes able to withstand chemicals and pesticides
HYDROPONICS – plants grown without soil
HUMUS – dark, organic, nutrient-holding matter in soil
MONOCULTURE – when only one type of plant is grown in an area
PARENT MATERIAL – non-organic material from which soil develops
2.
(a) Diversity represents a variety of species living within a particular environment; monoculture refers to only one species living in an area.
(b) When a farmer irrigates he/she applies water to a crop via artificial means. If care isn’t taken irrigation can lead to the salinization of the soil, a process in which the build up of salts from the irrigation water renders the soil infertile.
(c) Erosion involves the removal of the topsoil, usually by wind and water; improper farming processes can accelerate this process.
4. Sustainability relates to the ability to grow crops on the same piece of land over and over again. For this to occur, proper management practices must be followed, which allow soil nutrient and organic material levels to be maintained.
6. Economically important crops grown in Alberta include wheat, canola, barley, oats, sugar beets, corn, flax, rye, and alfalfa.
7. Possible answers include:
- use of zero-tillage technologies
- the introduction of genetically modified varieties of seed
- use of new types fertilizers and pesticides
- equipment is mechanized to a greater extent and is generally more efficient
- improvement of irrigation systems
- fewer people are required to work the farm
- farming continues to change as new seeds are developed, machinery is improved, new chemicals are developed.
8. Summer fallow leaves areas of soil without crops. The land is tilled periodically to remove weeds. Summer fallow can lead to wind and water erosion.
11. Earthworms eat dirt. While carrying out this process they help break down organic material in the soil, passing the nutrients within the material back into the soil for use by plants. The worms also aerate the soil and improve drainage.
12. 12 = percentage of nitrogen; 14 = percentage of phosphorus; 18 = percentage of potassium
13. Dandelions have a long deep taproot; they give off chemicals that impede the growth of other plants; they easily reproduce asexually from parts of their roots; and they have an efficient way of dispersing their seeds.
Page 182 #’s 27-29, 31, 35, 36, 38, 40
27. You must make sure that the biological control won’t harm other beneficial organisms and won’t have detrimental effects on the ecosystem. Precautions must be taken to prevent the control organisms from spreading. The effectiveness of the control organism against the pest would have to be monitored.
28. One possible example would be growing a tomato.
(a) If you were growing a tomato in a field you would have to make sure that you protected the developing plants from pest insects and competition from weeds. The farmer could only grow tomatoes if the area where the field was located received sufficient rainfall, or if irrigation was available. The tomatoes would need to be planted and harvested at times that would avoid the possibility of frost.
(b) When growing tomatoes in a greenhouse you would not need to worry about pests and weeds quite as much as in the field. Insect pests could be controlled using biological control or minimal chemical pesticides. Growers would need to supply the tomatoes with the right amount of water and nutrients and they would need to ensure that there was a sufficient amount of light and a growing medium to plant tomatoes in.
(c) To grow tomatoes in a classroom you would either need to place the plants near a window or under a grow lamp. You would need to supply the plants with sufficient amounts of water and fertilizer.
29.
(a) The lodgepole pine seedlings are better able to thrive after a fire has destroyed the other plants on a forest floor.
(b) It is very hard for the entire root of the dandelion to be pulled out of the soil. Pieces of the root left in the ground can produce new dandelion plants.
(c) The horizontal runners of a strawberry plant allow the plant to spread over a large area very quickly.
(d) The cactus spines lose very little water thus allowing the cactus to survive long periods without water.
(e) The lupine seeds can wait until growing conditions are exactly right before germinating. The plants reproductive efforts will not be wasted on a season with poor conditions.
(f) The seeds can be easily dispersed by the wind over large areas.
31. Seeds could have been carried to the island by the wind, by birds or sea mammals, by waves, or by people visiting the island.
35. It is important to be able to continue to grow crops year after year. If sustainable farming or forestry practices are not followed the land may eventually get to a point where it can no longer support plant growth.
36. Farmers and foresters need to consider the soil type, weather patterns in the area (temperature, precipitation, wind, number of frost free days), types of pests present, and the topography of the land.
38.
(a) You could examine the soil under a magnifying glass in order to determine the organic material in the soil samples. You could conduct a water test to see how much water the soil holds.
(b) The organic material can add nutrients to the soil and can help to hold onto soil moisture.
(c) Crops could be planted in the soil and then have their stubble ploughed under after harvest. Manure and earthworms could be added to the soil.
40. Chemical control might be the most effective method of controlling the pests available. Chemical control could also be the quickest, easiest, and least expensive pest control option.
